Numerical weather prediction ( n.d.) uses mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to predict the weather based on current weather conditions. Wikipedia expresses it in layman’s terms: The weather prediction as seen on television broadcasts is an example of an application of the third pillar. In the third pillar these are combined with (interactive, dynamic) visualization and optimization, which arise as a result or part of the modelling and simulation process. These descriptions predominantly arise from the first and second pillars, namely theory and experimentation. Modelling and simulation involve acceptable and sufficient mathematical descriptions of the complex system under consideration. In our study, we view the third pillar of scientific inquiry as a rapidly developing domain of mathematics that is closely intertwined with the evolution of programmable technology. Arguably, this pillar of scientific inquiry is founded upon computer programming or based on some form of digital technology, but is definitely not exclusively as a pencil-and-paper activity. The notion of a third pillar had been previously raised in a 2005 report by the US Presidential Information Advisory Committee ( 2005) highlighting the role of digital technology: “Together with theory and experimentation, computational science now constitutes the ‘third pillar’ of scientific inquiry, enabling researchers to build and test models of complex phenomena” (p.1).
Furthermore, the European Mathematical Society ( 2011) stated that “ogether with theory and experimentation, a third pillar of scientific inquiry of complex systems has emerged in the form of a combination of modeling, simulation, optimization and visualization” (p.2).
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Also, the Springer Series in Computational Mathematics ( n.d.), Footnote 1 in its 49th volume at the time of this paper, illustrates the evolution of an established branch of theoretical mathematics, namely numerical analysis. Technology has impacted mathematics as a discipline for example, experimental mathematics has emerged over the last decades as a new branch “defined less by its subject matter, and more by its use of computer assisted reasoning” (McEvoy 2013, p.397).
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